because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them. For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity; that they may be without excuse.Another encouragement to investigate God's creation is found in Psalm 19.
Romans 1:19, 20 WEB
The heavens declare the glory of GodSo I set out to investigate what God has revealed through the things that are made. May I challenge you that these verses would encourage anyone to do scientific investigations of God's world. Clearly the tools referred to in these verse are the 5 senses.
The expanse shows his handiwork.
Day after day they pour out speech,
and night after night they display knowledge.
There is no speech nor language,
where their voice is not heard.
Psalm 19:1-3 WEB
Yes I do know that we can find out far more about God by investigating the Bible. Psalm 19 particularly goes on to encourage us to look at the Bible.
Indeed the Bible would occupy my main quest for relating to God. However God has given us all a curiosity and these 5 senses so that we can perceive His creation and stand in awe of Him. The Bible also deals with such vital practical issues of how I should live in view of what I learn about God in the Bible and from creation. So the amazing observations of creation will need to be put aside to grow in understanding and trust of the almighty.
However, here I want to use the observations I make, with a little help from the technology God has allowed us to use to follow on from these parts of the Bible that do encourage us to perceive what he has declared in creation.
The fact that I am using second-hand data does not reduce the impact of my observations, as I am convinced that I could make these same observations first-hand (in many cases I have made such observations first-hand, but being a poor scientist I did not record the observations).
An observation with the eyes God gave me
Stellar parallax is a relatively simply procedure where observations are made of a nearby star over a 6 month period of time. As the earth orbits the sun, the position of the star is seen to change relative to the position of the other more distant stars. This change in position can be used, with a little geometry, to calculate the distance to that nearby star.
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| Image from NASA |
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| Image from NASA |
So, if a star in the table is 15 parsecs away, then that is 4.6 x 1014km away. (Again that is 460 000 000 000 000 km).
In line with Romans 1:19, 20, what do I learn about God from these observations? I start to get a tiny bit of a feel for the vastness of the universe he has made, as these entries are just the closest 118,000 or so stars (though future advances in telescopes may increase these to more stars), it will still be a tiny amount compared to the vastness of space. Clearly God is much bigger and more powerful than anything we start to imagine.
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| Image from NASA |
At this point, even if we go no further we can start to see that as this is only a tiny corner of our galaxy, so our galaxy must be lots bigger than 10,000 light years across. In fact the figure quoted of 100,000 light years starts to seem quite reasonable.
Now also consider that ours is only one of a enormous array of galaxies, each of them flung out into the vastness of the universe at enormous multiples of distances further away than the size of our mediocre galaxy.
I would encourage any readers to view any of the powers of 10 movies or learning objects on the Internet to further appreciate the distance we are talking about.
However, these distances are not just speculation on parallax distances. Variable stars within these parallax data gives us plenty to observe a pattern of brightness with variability. This God-given pattern has been examined by people and found to follow a mathematical pattern, which further helps us determine the distances to other stars. This again confirms the kind of distances I mentioned before – about 100,000 light years across our galaxy.
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| Image from NASA |
Simple understanding of how fast light travels, tells us that the light we are observing from these distant galaxies has been travelling for 12 billion years. So I am looking at events that occurred 12 billion years ago.
I want to pause here and remind anyone becoming sceptical at this point that you too can make these same observations and come to the same conclusions. This is the nature of the ability of science to be verifiable by someone else repeating the same investigation, as many are indeed doing every day and getting the same results. So do not try to trivialise what is observed or to try to pretend we are making a mistake. If we include the errors at an extreme to make the universe smaller we really only come out to be about 10 billion years ago that these events occurred that we are looking at.
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| Image from NASA |
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| Image Open Clip Art |
I am aware of explanations people have put forward to explain this apparent contradiction, but none come anywhere near what is needed, especially considering as I described before, simply considering the density of the galaxy.
So I ask again, on what basis are you telling me that the universe is only 10,000 years old? There are two types of answers. 1. That the Bible tells us it is 10,000 years old. 2. Evidence (observations) for a young earth.
The Bible tells me
I read in 2 Timothy 3:16, what the Bible is good for:Every Scripture is God-breathed and is profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work. 2 Timothy 3:16, 17
So the purpose of the Bible is to correct me in terms of righteousness and good work. I am yet to find where my observations of the universe have lead me away from righteousness and good work. I am open to correction, but I am yet to find it. I still believe God made it. The universe is therefore His, and He can and will do whatever He wants to do with it. So what can I do with people telling me the Bible says the universe is only 10,000 years old when I am observing things more than 10 billion years old?
Each of the Books of the Bible have their own purpose for being written. This is a key hermeneutical principle. Interpret the Bible in the light of why it was written.
This is what I believe is the key for a significant amount of noise on this issue. How people read the Bible is important.
As John Stott wrote in “Understanding the Bible” (ANZEA 1973 page 14),
What I am rather asserting is that, though the Bible may contain some science, the purpose of the Bible is not scientific.Stott later (page 29) says
"John sees the ultimate purpose of Scripture just as Paul sees it. John calls it 'life', Paul 'salvation', but the words are synonymous. Both apostles further agreed that this life or salvation is in Christ, and that to receive it we must believe in Him.So, I ask how am I encouraged to look for Christ when I am trying to calculate dates and ages in the Bible? Instead I would suggest those who are encouraging me to look at the Bible in a way it was not intended, by encouraging me to try to look for dates and time scales are wasting my time and diverting my attention away from these key issues of Jesus, righteousness and life. I have yet to find a single encouragement towards, righteousness, Jesus, life or salvation by focusing on dates and time-lines.
The conclusion is simple. Whenever we read the Bible we must look for Christ."
Furthermore, I consistently find that those who are loudest about such issues seem to be the least effective in bringing people to life in Jesus, and often also in terms of righteousness. So, I will concentrate on those things that do lead to life and righteousness in Jesus.
On the other hand I am encouraged in 1 Timothy 1:4 and Titus 3:9, to shun discussions of genealogies and such which is what such a discussion is inevitably based on. (I have probably gone against these verses writing as much as I have written).
Genesis becomes a key book of the Bible in this discussion. So I would pose a few questions for those who do want to focus on such endless, and as I have just indicated, fruitless discussions.
- How certain are you of the dates of Abraham's life. This is a good starting point, as it is recorded by Moses, when some would even suggest that we are not that certain of the dates of Moses life!
- Many refer to the flood, but I would have to question the dates of the flood, as I would ask how well the genealogies of different books of the Bible match? As we shall see...
- What are the purpose of each genealogy? For example Luke 3:23-38 is in the original, merely a list of names, prefaced by "the son of" – once. It seems to me that it is not intended to be a genealogy, but an indication of heritage. To what extent is this also true of other genealogies? The genealogies in Genesis are recorded by Moses for a purpose – I do not believe they were there to tell us when these events occurred, but instead to see how God was calling a people to himself, and how He was working to rescue his people in Jesus. Notice that this understanding immediately brings us back to Jesus and how we can have life and righteousness in Jesus. This is my measure of the validity of an interpretation of scripture, as I have previously indicated (Matching with what is stated in 2 Timothy 3:16, 17).
- How certain are you of the times and years mentioned in the Bible and particularly in Genesis, and even more so in the first 11 chapters of Genesis? Remember that many of the names that appear to be the same are not referring to the same person. Also, as with Luke 3, many are intended to fit the purpose of proclaiming how God is working out His plan to rescue a people for Himself, not to tell us when these events occurred. Are we missing the point God has for us?
- Do each of the sections of Genesis have a common purpose? Remember that Genesis is written by Moses long after the Genesis events. A simple reading of Genesis reveals that it is written in sections. Each section separated by “this is the history of the generations of...”. It would appear that each section is a separate oral history. So, how does the purpose of each section match the overall purpose Moses had as he was putting it together? To what extent did Moses edit each section for the overall purpose Moses had in mind under the leading of the Holy Spirit? Moses was writing for the people who had come out of Egypt and had experienced God's act of redemption. They had been saved and needed to trust the God who saved them rather than reverting back to the idolatry of Egypt. How does each section of Genesis fit that overall purpose?
Again, it is fundamental to a good interpretation of scripture to know the purpose – why it was written. If this is not addressed, then I would have to question your interpretation until it is addressed. - In interpreting the first 11 chapters of Genesis, I would have to ask what language was it written in? Clearly the Old Testament was written in Hebrew, but were the original oral traditions of Genesis 1-11 also originally in Hebrew? Before you jump in and say of course, remember the events of Genesis chapter 11. To me it seems to be saying that they were not in Hebrew, but in another unknown ancient language. If we cannot determine the original language, then we cannot determine the original purpose of those original traditions, and are left with the purpose Moses had in recording those traditions for use. Once again, the purpose scripture was recorded should be a prime issue in determining how it is interpreted.
- Related to the last point is particularly relevant to what I observed earlier, is "What is the literary style of Genesis 1?" It is clearly a completely different style to chapter 2. Without knowing what the language was, how can we determine what its literary style? Some have denied that it is poetry, but we are only reading an English version translated form Hebrew, translated and edited from its original language where we do not know even the type of language we are considering. So how do we know whether it is poetical or not? Even with those, the emphasis of chapter 1 does not appear to be with dates, but with the power of God's word (which incidentally matches the equivalent New Testament expression in John 1:1-5. We cannot even fully determine who the original author was, considering the section break in Genesis 2:4. Was it God himself telling Adam, Seth, or someone else, or was it Adam or Seth or someone else? (I have now also written about how the context of who it is written to also becomes highly significant, as John Walton points out - see my blog on Genesis 1). The context of the society Genesis 1 was written in is very different to our own, and needs to be treated as such Poetry and music are clearly there in Genesis 4, with Lamech's godless and rebellious boast (Genesis 4:22-24). This to me means that any suggestion of the literary style (or genre) of Genesis chapter 1 to be quite speculative. Therefore I would not want to divert attention in this section away to Moses' spirit-lead intention in including it. Moses was writing to remind people of the redemptive purposes of God. God made the universe by the power of His word, the same way he worked through Jesus, and the same way he is working today.
- I ask also how to interpret Genesis 2:4 in light of whatever interpretation you have of Genesis 1:1-2:3. The word for day in Genesis 1 is the same word in Genesis 2:4, yet in Genesis 2:4 it is a single day. If Moses did intend Genesis 1 to be interpreted as a literal indication of the times God took to make the universe, then why did Moses allow, in the very next verse (Genesis 2:4) a statement which contradicted it, saying that it was done in one day? We are all aware that the word “day” can have a much wider meaning. Referring to later references to 7 days does not help, as each is still within the context of quoting the same literary style. (I have now written about how John Walton has a much richer understanding of Genesis 1 - see my blog post on Genesis 1).
I still believe that the Bible is God's word, and is without errors. I believe I am interpreting scripture literally. Though this is understood by not ignoring important principle of hermeneutics – the science of interpretation of scripture. As Sproul explains in “Knowing God's word” (Ark publishing 1977), the principles are:
- The analogy of Faith. That is that Scripture is its own interpreter. The purpose of the bible confirms that the intention of scripture is to lead us to God through the redemptive work of Jesus. I find little to suggest that the Bible has some scientific agenda, so interpreting outside of the redemptive work of Jesus is contrary to the purposes of the Bible itself.
- Interpret the Bible literally. As Martin Luther advised to interpret scripture according to its literal sense, meaning to interpret scripture as literature. As Sproul says “
"We need to examine the historical situation in which it arose and the meaning of the words themselves". (page 48).
“To be accurate interpreters of the Bible we need to know the rules of grammar; and above all we must be carefully involved in what is called genre analysis.” (page 49). “
"The term genre means simply “kind”, “sort” or “species”. Genre analysis involves the study of such things as literary forms, figures of speech and style” (page 49).
As I have indicated already, this is sadly lacking in what some people say about the first chapters of Genesis. Sproul goes on to say,“The opening chapters of Genesis provide a real difficulty to the person who wants to pinpoint the precise literary genre used. Part of the text has the earmarks of historical literature, yet parts of it exhibits the kind of imagery found in symbolic literature.”
Add this to the points I made earlier and it is not clear what a literal interpretation of these early chapters really does say, apart from using point 1 – the analogy of faith. Redemption is again what we should be focusing on rather than speculation of time that contradicts what is plainly observed. Indeed Sproul then contrasts the medieval quadriga interpretation methods which gave 4 meaning of scripture. The meaning of scripture instead needs to be to point to the redemptive purposes achieved in Jesus death on the cross. - Gramatico-historical method. Here the gramatical constructions and historical contexts of the original texts are considered. Again, as I have already indicated, the early chapters of Genesis seem to require an understanding of the times of Moses and his spirit-lead editing work, than of the times of creation. (Again, I now have a blog post that point to what John Walton has said about this - see my post about Genesis 1).
“is to teach us how one goes to heaven, not how the heavens go."To insist on such an interpretation of scripture has problems with simple observations of the universe. Again, as Galileo said,
“I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use.”
― Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
Scientific evidence
The previous point about the mis-use of scripture to make a supposed scientific point is my main concern. If we gain scientific evidence to support a young earth, then I congratulate those who bring its attention to the scientific community. I will look at it, and suggest others look at such scientific evidence. This is one positive role of the Creation Science cult. Science flourishes by having people produce evidence to challenge otherwise long held beliefs. The scientific credibility of such evidence can only extend however so far as the extent to which they allow such evidence to be critically analysed - validly, by a peer review system. Similarly I challenge the scientific community not to write off anything that is proposed by such a cult as garbage before it has been analysed.I suspect that apart from the poor interpretation of scripture used by such a cult, there are 2 main problem they face.
- Many of their Observations are often followed by limited inferences. We need to allow alternative inferences to any observation. Otherwise we ignore good scientific method. (Remember we are merely making observations in line with Psalm 19 and Romans 1:19, 20)
- The other problem with this cult is that many well meaning but ignorant Christians think that this is the mark of a Christian. They think that one narrow and misguided interpretation of the early chapters of Genesis is the only one to have for salvation. Hopefully I have already indicated that this is not the case. This is then followed by Christians taking what has been put forward as valid evidence and claiming that this is now proof for God. Scientifically, proof is a very strong word. Just as a Scientist is way out of line to try to claim that science has proven God does not exist, so a Christian is way out of line trying to say that some observation proves that God exists, or that God created the universe following some particular schedule that fits a narrow interpretation of scripture. We are way out of line to put God in such a narrow box. As God quizzed Job it in Job 38:
“Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth
Declare, if you have understanding.
Who determined its measures, if you know?
Or who stretched the line on it?
Whereupon were its foundations fastened?
Or who laid its cornerstone,
when the morning stars sang together,
and all the sons of God shouted for joy?”
Job 38: 4-7 (WEB)
This is particularly true with the example I started with. Plain observation seems to be contradicting the ideas which are being put into the mouth of God. Of course the same is true for scientists, so that as Galileo put it:
“It is surely harmful to souls to make it a heresy to believe what is proved.”Again the word proved is probably used too quickly, even though we now know what Galileo observed to be true.
― Galileo Galilei
Another example I recently came across of poor use of what the Creation Science Cult put forward, was that some were claiming the earth is young citing some evidence, and were as a consequence denying that continental drift occurs. Yet continental drift is observed with the simple use of a GPS.
How to interpret the Bible and science
So what is the way forward when observation contradicts what we think the Bible is saying?I would maintain the principles of hermeneutics mentioned earlier. The Bible is God's word. However we need to remind ourselves that the main point of the Bible is not to tell us about scientific theories, but about God working to redeem mankind through he work of Jesus. This is the foundation to hold on to, not specific time scales or ideas of how God created the universe.
From the lead of Psalm 19 and Romans 1:19, 20, I would suggest that what we observe should lead us to appreciate God, not to doubt Him.
Kirsten Birkett in her book “Unnatural Enemies”, has a marvellous discussion of the work of miracles, using the example of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea. From it I imagine one person standing on the shore of the Red Sea saying "God separated the waters of the Red Sea to allow the Israelites to cross". I also see another person on the shores of the Red Sea and in line with Exodus 14:21, that person would say “Wow such a strong east wind to separate the waters of the Red Sea”. Both observations are correct. One acknowledges God, and the other doesn't acknowledge God but sees what God has done. So, when talking with those who make observations of the universe which does not acknowledge God, I would suggest it does not help to say, “No your observation of the wind is wrong, God did it”. Instead we need to point to what God is doing. Say, “Look at God acting to rescue His people”. We can point to redemption, without insisting on a narrow understanding of how God works.
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